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Springs

Compression, extension, torsion, die and constant-force springs.

Also searched as: compression springsextension springtorsion springdie springs

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About springs

Springs are mechanical devices designed to store and release elastic energy, typically in response to a compressive, tensile, or torsional force. The primary types include compression springs, which resist compressive loads along their axis; extension springs, which resist tensile loads and often feature hooks or loops at their ends; torsion springs, which apply torque or store rotational energy; and die springs, a heavy-duty variant of compression springs characterized by rectangular wire and high load capacities. Constant-force springs maintain a near-constant force throughout their deflection. Key selection parameters include spring rate (k), free length, solid height, outside diameter (OD), inside diameter (ID), wire diameter, maximum deflection, and maximum load. Materials commonly include music wire (ASTM A228), stainless steel (e.g., 302, 17-7 PH), chrome silicon (ASTM A401), and phosphor bronze. Finishes like zinc plating, black oxide, and shot peening are used for corrosion resistance, enhanced fatigue life, or aesthetic purposes.

How to choose

When selecting a spring, first define the application's force and deflection requirements. Is it a compressive, tensile, or torsional load? This determines the spring type. For compression or extension springs, specify the required spring rate (N/mm or lb/in) and the maximum working load and deflection. Next, consider the available space envelope, defining the maximum OD and minimum ID. Evaluate the operating environment for temperature, corrosion, and fatigue life to select an appropriate material and finish. Finally, verify that the chosen spring's solid height for compression springs, or maximum extension for extension springs, is compatible with the design constraints, ensuring it does not exceed material stress limits.